Several automated methods have been developed to detect grooming in rodents. Additionally, the results vary between observers. Although human observation does not require any specific equipment, it is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Human observation is a traditional and standard way to detect grooming. There are several methods for assessing the grooming behavior of mice and rats.
These observations highlight the importance of quantitative and qualitative grooming assessments in the internal status evaluation of experimental animals. Additionally, it has been discovered that ordered grooming microstructures are disturbed by neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in mice ( Berridge et al., 2005 Kalueff et al., 2016). For example, stressors such as exposure to unfamiliar environments can elicit grooming behavior in mice ( Kalueff and Tuohimaa, 2004 Reeves et al., 2016).
Several studies have shown that the internal status of rodents affects grooming frequency and/or duration. They typically groom themselves from the head to the genitals and tail. Grooming motion is composed of several microstructures, such as face washing and body licking ( Kalueff and Tuohimaa, 2004 Kalueff et al., 2007). Grooming is one of the common behaviors to care for fur, maintain hygiene, and regulate body temperature in experimental animals such as mice, rats, and others ( Almeida et al., 2015 Kalueff et al., 2016). Since behavior reflects the mental and physical condition of an animal, we can estimate it by observing its behavior. These results highlight that our method has sufficient ability to distinguish facial grooming and body grooming in mice.Įxperimental animals exhibit various behaviors, such as ambulation, immobility, rearing, scratching, and grooming. The number of grooming bouts predicted by our method was highly correlated with human observations (face: r = 0.93, body: r = 0.98). The positive predictive rates of facial and body grooming detection were 83.5% and 88.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of facial and body grooming detection reached 81.3% and 91.9%, respectively.
The performance of the trained 3D-CNN and filters was evaluated using a first-look dataset that was not used for training. Since the output of the trained 3D-CNN included unlikely short grooming bouts and interruptions, we set posterior filters to remove them. We constructed a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) and trained it using the labeled images. We carefully observed videos and labeled each time point as facial grooming, body grooming, and not grooming. Mouse behavior was recorded using a standard hand camera. In this study, we aimed to develop an automated grooming detection method that can distinguish facial grooming from body grooming by image analysis using artificial intelligence. In addition, they generally cannot discriminate grooming microstructures such as face washing and body licking. However, current grooming detection methods are time-consuming, laborious, and require specialized equipment. Since various factors, including stressors and genetic mutations, affect grooming quantitatively and qualitatively, the assessment of grooming is important to understand the status of experimental animals. To stop the process, just press the same key again, and take back control of your mouse.Grooming is a common behavior for animals to care for their fur, maintain hygiene, and regulate body temperature. Once you've saved these moves, Auto Mouse Clicker by Autosofted will take control of your mouse. After five seconds, you'll have to click on the parts of the screen where you want the program to click automatically. Select the key that will trigger and stop it and wait for it to start. Finally, the program also has a configuration section. Just below, you'll see a list where you can check everything your mouse has been doing without you. On the first you can choose which key will trigger and stop the automatic clicking process.
This program is designed so all you have to do is select a point on the screen by clicking on it, then select the number of clicks you want, and it will automatically start the process until you come back.Īuto Mouse Clicker by Autosofted's interface is very simple and has three separate sections. If you need to program this type of action you can always go to Auto Mouse Clicker by Autosofted, an application that will do the job for you. When you need to do a task that involves clicking down on your mouse repeatedly, you can create a click repetition process to avoid getting tired or bored.
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